A B S T R A C TThe present study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. This research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the research was the residents of 8 residential complexes of Atabak neighborhood in District 15 of Tehran. Based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, the validity of which was verified in the form of face and face validity, as well as divergent validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Analysis of data and information was done using SPSS and PLS software. The findings of this research showed physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368, the variable of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, the variable of housing social conditions with a path coefficient of 0.169, and environmental quality with a path coefficient of 0.302 has a positive and significant impact on housing quality. According to the path coefficient obtained for the research variables, the amount of their impact on housing quality is evaluated as average. Among the identified factors, the factor of physical quality with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact, and the factor of access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339 is ranked second. Also, this factor has a positive and significant effect on the physical quality factor of housing.Extended AbstractIntroductionAtabak neighborhood is one of the neighborhoods of District 15 of Tehran. In this neighborhood, physical changes have been made according to the interventions of the Tehran municipality in line with the implementation of the urban landscape plan and organized (inflow of private sector capital) in different years so far. Along with these interventions, the inadequacy of infrastructure and services to meet the population's needs has become this neighborhood's basic problem. Attention to its qualitative aspect needs to be addressed. This matter is important from the point of view of providing the city's basic needs, equitable distribution of facilities and resources, reducing urban inequalities, improving economic-social indicators, preventing unbridled and unplanned expansion, and ultimately improving the quality of life of the people. It demands that the quality of housing and the factors affecting it be evaluated and that a double effort be made to improve it, and it can provide a suitable context for providing suitable models of housing quality for citizens. Considering the mentioned cases, this research aims to answer the question:- What are the effective factors in improving the quality of housing? MethodologyThe current research is descriptive-analytical. In terms of purpose, it is in the category of applied research. Two library and field methods have collected the information needed for this research. In the field method, primary data collection has been done according to the research questions by designing a 5-scale Likert scale questionnaire. The statistical population of the study was the residents of Mobaat, Minabi, Atabek, Shahrak Sajjadieh, Yas, Zahid Gilani, Shahid Asadi, and Safa residential complexes located in Atabak neighborhood of District 15 of Tehran. The statistical population was equal to 20469 people, and based on Cochran's formula, 384 questionnaires were distributed among residents. Finally, 380 complete and error-free questionnaires were collected; the validity of the questionnaire was confirmed in the form of face and face validity as well as divergent validity. In order to check the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha and combined reliability were used, and according to the results presented in the research findings section, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. The data obtained from this research were analyzed using structural modeling using SPSS and PLS software. Results and discussion This research showed that physical quality has a positive and significant effect on improving housing quality; according to the value of the obtained path coefficient, which is equal to 0.368, the value of this effect is considered moderate. Based on the results, it can be said that physical dimensions, such as the physical crystallization of housing, are the most objective and material issues in housing evaluation, analysis, and planning. Concerning the impact of access to urban services on the quality of housing, the findings indicated a significant impact of access to urban services. In explaining the results of this section, it can be said that gradually, the housing is changing from a single purpose to a shelter. Those other aspects of welfare and social comfort are also added; the limits of enjoying services and access to the essentials of life are shown to evaluate the housing quality. These indicators are very important in determining housing quality and are an integral part of housing planning. Access to urban housing services is considered one of the main indicators of life, which the Population Crisis Committee has used to measure quality in the world's metropolises. In relation to social conditions and environmental quality on the quality of housing, the results of this research confirmed the impact of the social environment and environmental quality on the quality of housing. Creating residential spaces is a topic that has been discussed previously. From the beginning, human beings have tried to create a favorable living environment that matches the quality conditions of their residence's social and environmental environment. ConclusionThis research was written to explain the factors affecting improving the quality of urban housing. The findings of this research showed that among the studied factors, the physical quality factor with a path coefficient of 0.368 has the most significant impact on improving the quality of urban housing in Tehran, such that this factor can explain 13.5% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. Physical quality is defined based on the structural basis of a building and is often defined in the form of rules and standards related to it. The physical quality is sometimes interpreted as the appearance of buildings. Since they are fixed and real things, they are the reason for the emergence of general indicators for housing evaluation. The second factor is access to urban services with a path coefficient of 0.339, so this factor can explain 11.4% of the variance of the housing quality condition variable. This factor has been ranked second regarding the impact on housing quality according to the path coefficient value obtained. In third place was the factor of environmental quality with the path coefficient value of 0.302, and this factor can explain 1.9% of the variance of the variable of housing quality. Moreover, in the last place is the factor of housing social conditions, which has a path coefficient of 0.196. Also, from the other results of this research, we can mention the positive effect of access to the quality of urban services on the improvement of the physical condition of housing, and the value of the path coefficient obtained for this effect is equal to 0.623 so that it is 38.8% of the variance of the variable. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionThe authors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approthe contenttent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestThe authors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Today, the high cost of housing and the lack of quality have become a concern for many communities and families. The purpose of this study is to move towards the proper housing with a good quality and optimal price. The research method is a hybrid. The information gathering section was used through library-field studies and then we continued with Delphi technique. The statistical population of this study was the faculty members and experts in urban planning and architecture of Beheshti University and university of science and technology of Iran. We used their information through a questionnaire. According to the results of the research, the factors affecting the quality of housing and its price are divided into four general categories of physical, economic, social and managerial, the most important of them in the field of housing economics are: design, materials, technology, land prices, inflation, supply and demand, and. . . The most important component of housing quality are: form, relationship with nature, context, access and… . And their relationship analysis show that the following components have the strongest relationship with the specified weight: (Design-building form (8. 8)), (design-interior functions (7. 5)), (design – relationship with nature (7. 4)), (construction cost-building form (7. 2)), (design – context of project (7)), (Technology-form of building (7)), (land price-service diversity (6. 6)), (ownership type and building form (6. 6), (design-passages and accesses (6. 4).

Housing is considered the basic needs of every human being. Several programs by governments in the provision of housing for different groups, especially low-income classes is performed. In recent years, in order to meet the legitimate expectations and customary in the field of housing for low-income groups, the government has adopted the policy of housing construction. Mehr housing project, the biggest national housing plan, which due to its expansion and new projects needs to review the results of this experience, is felt. The aim of this paper is to examine the satisfaction of residents of housing complexes Sham Asbi (Ardabil) is. The study method was descriptive-analytical and the data collection method was documentary and survey using questionnaires. According to by Morgan table sample size was estimated to be 200. To analyze of data with SPSS software was used. The output of the Chi-square test showed that there was a significant relationship between the variables employment status and satisfaction. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is an inverse relationship between income and satisfaction. In addition, one-sample t test results testify to the satisfaction Sham Asbi residential area (Ardabil) is less than average and residents of the most physical criteria and the criteria of ownership are least satisfied with.

The environmental quality of housing provided for the low-income population is a challenging problem since the increasing demand versus limited resource allocation leads to an emphasis on quantitative solutions with less emphasis on, or even neglect of, the qualitative aspects of housing as a multidimensional entity. In recent years, the Government has invested significantly in construction of residential complexes for low-income population under the title of Mehr Housing Scheme. This paper reports the results of an environmental qualityassessment study conducted in two of these Mehr Housing complexes built on the suburbs of Takestan City.For the purpose of this study, a survey was undertaken in both of these complexes with a sample size of 360, covering both genders in different age groups and with diverse employment and education levels. The responses were then analyzed to develop a value tree at four levels. At the second level, the quality of residential environment was broken into: (i) the quality of building environment; (ii) the quality of complex environment; and (iii) the quality of the city. These categories were further broken at third and fourth levels to some 47 independent indicators. The results indicate that the residents are not generally satisfied with the quality of their housing environment. It was further noted that contrary to a common belief, social factors such as security, social interaction and place attachment are more important for the lowincome population than economic factors or the cost of housing.

From the first housing program, housing quality was controversial among politicians, programmers, and investors. While the challenge of quality was addressed at the time, the housing industry failed to provide satisfactory solutions for the ever-growing demand for quality. In Iran, we face a great gap between house buyers’ expectations and the options available in the market. However, research and practice fail to alleviate the problem. Recent research shows that investigating housing challenges in distinct disciplines, approaches, and methods results in limitations and deficiency of our efforts in addressing them. All individuals, institutions, and organizations should work in harmony to tackle issues like affordability and quality and achieve favorable results. Studies and interventions with local or small scope concentration will receive confrontation from other parts of the industry which attenuates the results. In this regard, this research addresses the private sector of the housing industry as it is responsible for delivering over 90% of the housing stock in Iran. The active individuals and institutions were identified, classified into three groups (i.e., designers, builders, and marketers), and modelled as a cyclic loop. A consortium was proposed to be established with the cooperation of all the institutions to make strategic decisions in a collective space. By considering the proposed framework as an effective way to overcome housing quality challenges, this research studies the barriers to cooperation and the solutions to them. We used reflective thematic analysis with a constructivist approach. The snowball sampling method was used to identify the institutions that have an impact on the housing quality in Mazandaran. All the key decision-makers in the institutions participated in the study. In sum, 23 participants were interviewed. The interviews went through three phases of coding and the themes were developed. Findings show closed communication channels were the main barrier to cooperation between the institutions. Having distinct purposes, lack of commitment to the group, distrust, lack of motivation, and denial of responsibility were the main reasons which led to the closure of the communication channels. Although there is a complex network of background situations responsible for each of the main themes stated, the mixture of governmental, private, and semi-private institutions in the housing industry, the mechanisms of the housing market, and the judicial procedures of the housing industry are the main predictors of the current behavior of the institutions. In addition, the findings show that the institutions working as builders are more inclined to work for housing quality than those working as designers and marketers. The sole solution for these barriers was found to be the enforcement of a law that can provide incentives for cooperation, punishment for misconduct, and standards for good actions. All the identified barriers are social in nature and can be mitigated by improving social skills. This research used a qualitative method, resulting in detailed and interpretive findings from a small sample size. We propose future research to address the issue using quantitative methods, building upon the current results in a wider context to enhance the generalizability of the findings.

Urbanization is the global phenomena of the millennia and it is for the first time that more than half of the world population live in urban areas from the beginning of the history. The rapid and continuous trend of Urbanization filed the increased urbanized areas in developing areas face unsustainability problem. To manage this unsustainability, the sustainable development paradigm has gained ground more than ever. Housing as a phisio-sicual infrastructure has a critical role in sustainability process and it proves the nesseccity of this research. This paper aims at analyzing the housing quality indices of Zanjan from sustainability point of view. The research is survey based and the data gathered through documentary method. The field study and documentary data analyzed in ArcGIS environment with todim model. The findings indicate that the informal settlements suffer from low sustainability. Of the total number of hoses in Zanjan, 14 % has very good sustainability, 36% has good sustainability, 27% has moderate sustainability, 8% has weak sustainability and 15% has very weak sustainability situation. Finally some strategies has been suggested to improve the sustainability of housing quality indices.

Following the growing urbanization, choosing and providing housing has become one of the mos t important issues for planners as well as people. Developing a comprehensive program of housing needs complete identification and deep analysis of widespread dimensions of housing and factors affecting them. In the meantime, addressing housing indices, as the key planning tool forming its main thrus t, can be the mos t critical step of planning. By conducting research on identifying and analyzing different housing indicators, the effectiveness of housing programs can be greatly increased. However, among the policies and plans that have been made due to the overcoming of economic factors and the lack of clarification of the good housing index, the qualitative indicators of housing have remained somewhat diminished relative to its quantitative dimension, and planners have more focused on providing housing. This research seeks to find and compare the angles of unders tanding and evaluating the residents' viewpoints on the desired housing, and ultimately, address the impact of location on the mental valuation of residents about the cons tructive components of housing quality. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in order to achieve the desired goals, the qualitative indicators of desirable housing are surveyed from residents' point of view in Shahrak-e-Gharb and Monirieh neighborhoods of Tehran. In the formulation of the questionnaire, 48 items are developed in two areas of the residential unit and residential environment, of which only 13 indicators have a significant difference between the two neighborhoods indicating that the spatial domain has no effect on residents’ valuation of housing quality indices and also the average values given to the items show the great importance of the quality of housing for citizens.

The difference between the attitude of the designer and the audience, the difference between different groups of audiences and the evolution of the audience's demands over time are among the things that cause the designer's incomplete prediction of the changing needs and conditions of the audience; therefore, flexible architecture is essential. Flexibility, as a spatial quality, is the coordination of the "connection" between "human, space and time" and in this connection, it responds to the functions expected by the audience from the architectural space according to his changing needs; Thus, the ability of the space to accept multiple and diverse functions in different time frames increases. On the one hand, human communication with space occurs in two ways: direct (activity) with the content of primary meanings and indirect (imagination) with the content of secondary meanings; On the other hand, since the flexibility of space is considered a semantic quality, this quality can be found in the traditional housing of Iran and especially the examples of this research, that is, the traditional housing of Yazd, through the approach that focuses on how to produce and interpret meaning within the framework of common cultural agreements. (cods) is focused, that is, the semiotic approach was analyzed; Therefore, the current research in a hierarchical process, with the aim of analyzing the concepts of architectural flexibility (definitions, categories and characteristics) and determining the place of flexibility in the traditional housing of Yazd, explaining the semiotic principles and rules and matching them with the concepts of flexibility in architecture and compiling semiotic patterns of interpretation These concepts are discussed in examples of this architecture. The findings of this research indicate that the principles and rules of semiotics will have the ability to describe and analyze the aspect of indirect communication between humans and space (imagination), in order to interpret the meaning of flexible species, and consequently other aspects of communication. The results of this research show that based on semiotic analysis, the coordination between face and content in flexible architecture, by accepting the symbolic role of the body, leads to the realization of the process of interpretation and as a result a deeper connection between the audience and architecture, and on the other hand, other qualitative aspects of architecture Like arena, spatial territory, etc., in traditional architecture and housing, they will have the capability of systematic analysis and interpretation by using the categories of semiotic approach. In the methodology of this research, the collection of data is started with a documentary-library method, the organization of information is done with a descriptive-analytical method, and the matching between the concepts of quality, flexibility and the basics of semiotics is done with the strategy of logical reasoning.